{"id":1807,"date":"2018-05-16T14:34:53","date_gmt":"2018-05-16T09:04:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/satgurudarpan.com\/?p=1807"},"modified":"2018-05-16T14:34:53","modified_gmt":"2018-05-16T09:04:53","slug":"%f0%9f%8e%82-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%83%e0%a4%a5%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%8f%e0%a4%95-%e0%a4%96%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%9c-%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a8%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%ac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/satgurudarpan.com\/?p=1807","title":{"rendered":"\ud83c\udf82. \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0916\u094b\u091c, \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0902\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092c\u095d\u093e,\u0930\u093e\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0935 \u0924\u094b \u0915\u092e \u092a\u0941\u0932\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0939\u0932\u0915\u093e\u0928, \u0935\u0939\u0941\u0915\u094b\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0941\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \ud83c\udf82"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"header-container header-chrome\">\n<form class=\"header\" style=\"margin: -1px 0px 0px;padding: 0px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: #c8ccd1;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 16px;vertical-align: baseline;width: 320px;border-spacing: 0px;border-collapse: collapse;height: 3.35em;background: none\" action=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php\" method=\"get\">\n<div style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 16px;vertical-align: middle;width: 3.35em;background: none\"><a id=\"mw-mf-main-menu-button\" class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-mainmenu main-menu-button\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 16px;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;background: none\" title=\"\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:MobileMenu\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n<h1 style=\"margin: 0px 0px 0px 5px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 1em;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;float: left;background: none\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 16px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\" src=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-hi.png\" alt=\"\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e\" width=\"78\" height=\"18\" \/><\/span><\/h1>\n<div class=\"header-container header-chrome\">\n<form class=\"header\" style=\"margin: -1px 0px 0px;padding: 0px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: #c8ccd1;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;width: 320px;border-spacing: 0px;border-collapse: collapse;height: 3.35em;background: none\" action=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php\" method=\"get\">\n<div class=\"branding-box\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;width: auto;background: none\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;width: 3.35em;background: none\"><button id=\"searchIcon\" class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-magnifying-glass skin-minerva-search-trigger\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 16px;vertical-align: baseline;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em\" type=\"submit\">\u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0902<\/button><\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"content\" class=\"mw-body\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 32px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: transparent;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px;vertical-align: baseline;color: #222222\">\n<div class=\"pre-content heading-holder\" style=\"margin: 0px 16px;padding: 20px 0px 3.6em;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;overflow: hidden;background: none\">\n<ul class=\"hlist \" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0.5em 0px;border-width: 1px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-bottom-style: solid;border-top-color: #eaecf0;border-bottom-color: #c8ccd1;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 1.1em;vertical-align: baseline;float: none;overflow: hidden;width: 288px;background: none\">\n<ul class=\"hlist \" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0.5em 0px;border-width: 1px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-bottom-style: solid;border-top-color: #eaecf0;border-bottom-color: #c8ccd1;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 1.1em;vertical-align: baseline;float: none;overflow: hidden;width: 288px;background: none\">\n<li id=\"ca-edit\" class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled\" style=\"margin: 0px -1em 0px 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 17.6000003814697px;vertical-align: baseline;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;cursor: pointer;float: right;background: none\" title=\"\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964\"><a class=\"edit-page\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 8px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 17.6000003814697px;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;width: 61.59375px;height: 26.390625px;cursor: pointer;background: none\" title=\"\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#\/editor\/0\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"ca-watch\" class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element watch-this-article mw-ui-icon-mf-watch view-border-box\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 17.6000003814697px;vertical-align: baseline;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;cursor: pointer;float: right;background: none\" title=\"\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\"><button style=\"margin: 0px 0px 8px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 17.6000003814697px;vertical-align: baseline;width: 61.59375px;height: 26.390625px;text-indent: inherit;cursor: pointer\">\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/button><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"view-border-box\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 17.6000003814697px;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><\/div>\n<ul id=\"page-actions\" class=\"hlist \" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0.5em 0px;border-width: 1px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-bottom-style: solid;border-top-color: #eaecf0;border-bottom-color: #c8ccd1;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 1.1em;vertical-align: baseline;float: none;overflow: hidden;width: 288px;background: none\">\n<li class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-language-switcher language-selector\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 0px -1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 17.6000003814697px;vertical-align: baseline;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;cursor: pointer;float: left;background: none\" title=\"\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0902\"><a style=\"margin: 0px 0px 8px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 17.6000003814697px;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;width: 61.59375px;height: 26.390625px;cursor: pointer;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8\">\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1 id=\"section_0\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.3;font-size: 1.7em;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938<\/h1>\n<div class=\"mw-body\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 32px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: transparent;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px;vertical-align: baseline;color: #222222\">\n<div class=\"pre-content heading-holder\" style=\"margin: 0px 16px;padding: 20px 0px 3.6em;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;overflow: hidden;background: none\">\n<div class=\"tagline\" style=\"margin: 2px 0px 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 0.85em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;background: none\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"bodyContent\" class=\"content\" style=\"margin: 0px 16px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.65;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div id=\"mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"hi\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div id=\"sizzle1526454571238\" class=\"mw-parser-output\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div id=\"mf-section-0\" class=\"mf-section-0\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"dablink\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 1px;padding: 5px 7px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;overflow: hidden;background: none #f8f9fa\">For the history of modern humans, see\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #3366cc;background: none\" title=\"\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/a>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"margin: 0.6em 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"margin: 0px auto;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;max-width: 100%;width: 302px;background: none\"><a class=\"image view-border-box\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Geologic_Clock_with_events_and_periods.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;background: none\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/77\/Geologic_Clock_with_events_and_periods.svg\/300px-Geologic_Clock_with_events_and_periods.svg.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"288\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;width: 288px;padding: 0px !important;background: none\">\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947, \u092d\u0942\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0940\u092f \u0918\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092d\u0942\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><b style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u00a0 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href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80\">\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940<\/a>\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939<\/a>\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u091c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-age_earth1c_1-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-age_earth1c-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092f\u0941 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href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8\">\u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915<\/a>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-mf-arrow mw-ui-icon-element   indicator\" style=\"margin: 0.7em 0px 0px -1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.4em;vertical-align: baseline;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;float: left;background: none\" title=\"\"><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"in-block section-heading collapsible-heading\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 0.5em;padding: 0.5em 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 1px;border-bottom-style: solid;border-bottom-color: #eaecf0;font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.3;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;cursor: pointer;background: none\"><span id=\".E0.A4.B9.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.A1.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.A8_.E0.A4.94.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.86.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.A8_.28Hadean_and_Archaean.29\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0939\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928_\u0914\u0930_\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u092f\u0928_(Hadean_and_Archaean)\" class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;width: 208px;background: none\">\u0939\u0947\u0921\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u092f\u0928 (Hadean and Archaean)<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-mf-arrow mw-ui-icon-element  mf-mw-ui-icon-rotate-flip indicator\" style=\"margin: 0.7em 0px 0px -1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.4em;vertical-align: baseline;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;float: left;background: none\" title=\"\"><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"in-block section-heading collapsible-heading open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 0.5em;padding: 0.5em 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 1px;border-bottom-style: solid;border-bottom-color: #eaecf0;font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.3;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;cursor: pointer;background: none\"><span id=\".E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.9F.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.BC.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.87.E0.A4.95_.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.97\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><\/span><span id=\"\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915_\u092f\u0941\u0917\" class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;width: 208px;background: none\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><a class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.66666667em;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;background: none\" title=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-body\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 32px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: transparent;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px;vertical-align: baseline;color: #222222\">\n<div class=\"content\" style=\"margin: 0px 16px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.65;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"hi\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div id=\"content-collapsible-block-1\" class=\"mf-section-2 collapsible-block open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;background: none\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 (Proterozoic) \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b 2.5 Ga \u0938\u0947 542 Ma \u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u093e. \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f. \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0940\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80\">\u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0925\u093e\u0964\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u0948\u0930\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f (prokaryotes)<\/a>\u00a0\u0938\u0947<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092f\u0942\u0915\u0948\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F\">\u092f\u0942\u0915\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f (eukaryote)<\/a>\u00a0\u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u094b\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u092d\u0940\u0937\u0923 \u0939\u093f\u092e-\u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u092f\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0928\u094b\u092c\u0949\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 (Snowball Earths) \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 600 Ma \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0928\u094b\u092c\u0949\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 580 Ma \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e (Ediacara biota) \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"in-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0.5em 0px;border: 0px;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;line-height: 1.3;font-size: 1.2em;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><span id=\".E0.A4.91.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.A8_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.82.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928_\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\" class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;width: 232px;background: none\">\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><a class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.83333333em;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;background: none\" title=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928: \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0924\u093f\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"mw-body\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 32px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: transparent;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px;vertical-align: baseline;color: #222222\">\n<div class=\"content\" style=\"margin: 0px 16px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.65;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"hi\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mf-section-2 collapsible-block open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;background: none\">\n<div class=\"rellink relarticle mainarticle\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 1px;padding: 5px 7px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;overflow: hidden;background: none #f8f9fa\"><i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0916\u00a0:\u00a0<a class=\"new\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #dd3333;background: none\" title=\"Oxygen catastrophe (\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948)\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Oxygen_catastrophe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Oxygen catastrophe<\/a><\/i><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"margin: 0.6em 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"margin: 0px auto;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;max-width: 100%;width: 320px;background: none\"><a class=\"image view-border-box\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Crepuscular1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage image-lazy-loaded\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;height: 239px;width: 318px;background: none\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/de\/Crepuscular1.jpg\/318px-Crepuscular1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"318\" height=\"239\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;width: 288px;padding: 0px !important;background: none\">\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"margin: 0.6em 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"margin: 0px auto;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;max-width: 100%;width: 222px;background: none\"><a class=\"image view-border-box\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Oxygenation-atm.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage image-lazy-loaded\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;height: 107px;width: 220px;background: none\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9a\/Oxygenation-atm.svg\/220px-Oxygenation-atm.svg.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"107\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;width: 222px;padding: 0px !important;background: none\">\u092d\u0942\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u092c\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948 [64]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"margin: 0.6em 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"margin: 0px auto;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;max-width: 100%;width: 222px;background: none\"><a class=\"image view-border-box\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Banded_Iron_Formation_Barberton.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage image-lazy-loaded\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;height: 129px;width: 220px;background: none\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c2\/Banded_Iron_Formation_Barberton.jpg\/220px-Banded_Iron_Formation_Barberton.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"129\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;width: 222px;padding: 0px !important;background: none\">3.15 \u0917\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0930\u093f\u091c\u093c \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0941\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u091f\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0932\u094b\u0939\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u092c\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0928 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0928 \u092c\u0947\u0932\u094d\u091f, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e.\u0932\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0925\u093e, \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0940\u0902.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092e\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923\u091c (Heterotrophs) \u0925\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0913\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 (\u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0925\u0947) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dawkins-Ancestors_30-2\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Dawkins-Ancestors-30\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:564-566<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0917\u0908, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u0908 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f, \u0907\u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 3 Ga \u0924\u0915, \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3\">\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928-\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/a>\u00a0\u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923\u091c\u094b\u0902 (Autotrophs) \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092e\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0908.<sup id=\"cite_ref-De-Marais-photosynthesis_36-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-De-Marais-photosynthesis-36\">[34]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-Olson-2006_37-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Olson-2006-37\">[35]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092e \u092c\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0915\u091a\u094d\u091a\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0941\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0908\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0906\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921<\/a>\u0914\u0930\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u091c\u0932 (\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940)\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80)\">\u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0925 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925, \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0941\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0923\u0941 (<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0930\u093e\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f<\/a>) \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-Holland-2006_38-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Holland-2006-38\">[36]<\/a><\/sup>\u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947, \u092f\u0939 \u091a\u0942\u0928\u093e-\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930,\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0932\u094b\u0939\u093e\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE\">\u0932\u094b\u0939\u093e<\/a>\u00a0\u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0916\u0928\u093f\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0902\u0927\u093e. \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u094c\u0939-\u0906\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0941\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 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\u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940-\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u091a\u092f\u093e\u092a\u091a\u092f \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-ForteyDtL_33-4\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-ForteyDtL-33\">[31]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:50-51<\/sup><\/span>\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928-\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u091c\u0948\u0935 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092e 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baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0913\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0928\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8\">\u0913\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0928<\/a>\u00a0\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930\u0940 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908\u0964 \u0913\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0947\u0926 \u0932\u0947\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u091c \u092d\u0940 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u094c\u0915\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e:<sup id=\"cite_ref-cosmic-evolution-bio1_39-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-cosmic-evolution-bio1-39\">[37]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0913\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e, \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u092e\u092c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f, \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0925\u093e; &#8220;\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0932\u092f&#8221; \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-cosmic-evolution-bio1_39-1\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-cosmic-evolution-bio1-39\">[37]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u092c\u091a \u0917\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0928\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u093e\u092a\u091a\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 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id=\".E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.AC.E0.A5.89.E0.A4.B2_.E0.A4.85.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A5_.E0.A4.94.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.93.E0.A4.9C.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.A8_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A4_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0938\u094d\u0928\u094b\u092c\u0949\u0932_\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925_\u0914\u0930_\u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928_\u092a\u0930\u0924_\u0915\u0940_\u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\" class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;width: 232px;background: none\">\u0938\u094d\u0928\u094b\u092c\u0949\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0914\u0930 \u0913\u091c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><a class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.83333333em;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;background: none\" title=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928: \u0938\u094d\u0928\u094b\u092c\u0949\u0932 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none\">\n<div class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"hi\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mf-section-2 collapsible-block open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;background: none\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0941\u0930 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href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8\">\u0915\u093f\u0923\u094d\u0935\u0928<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u092f\u093e\u092a\u091a\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0941\u0930\u0924\u093e\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8\">\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928<\/a>\u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 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none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0913\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0928\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8\">\u0913\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0928<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0913\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0913\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e, \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u0905\u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e\u0964\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_25-3\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Lunine-25\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:219-220<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u092e\u0915\u0940\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e; \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 6% \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_25-4\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Lunine-25\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:165<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 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\u0938\u0947 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u0940\u092f \u092d\u0923\u094d\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f 2.3 Ga \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0938-\u092a\u093e\u0938, \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0939\u093f\u092e-\u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0906\u092f\u093e (\u092e\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0917\u0948\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u093f\u092e-\u092f\u0941\u0917).<sup id=\"cite_ref-Stanley_320_40-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Stanley_320-40\">[38]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0915\u0941\u091b \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0939\u093f\u092e \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u092f\u0902\u0915\u0930 \u0925\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u0941\u0935\u0924\u094d \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u091c\u092e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0928\u094b\u092c\u0949\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u092e\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928, \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u093f\u092e \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u093f\u092e \u092f\u0941\u0917 2.3 Ga \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">2.3 Ga \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u092e \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092e\u093f\u0925\u0947\u0928\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8\">\u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928<\/a>\u00a0(CH<sub style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">4<\/sub>) \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0918\u091f \u0917\u0908\u0964 \u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 CO<sub style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">2<\/sub>\u00a0\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_25-5\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Lunine-25\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:172<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u091c\u092c \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908, \u0924\u094b \u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0918\u091f \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"in-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0.5em 0px;border: 0px;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;line-height: 1.3;font-size: 1.2em;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><span id=\".E0.A4.9C.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.A8_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.9F.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.BC.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.87.E0.A4.95_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><\/span><span id=\"\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928_\u0915\u093e_\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915_\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\" class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;width: 232px;background: none\">\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><a class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.83333333em;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;background: none\" title=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928: \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"mw-body\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 32px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: transparent;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px;vertical-align: baseline;color: #222222\">\n<div class=\"content\" style=\"margin: 0px 16px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.65;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"hi\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mf-section-2 collapsible-block open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;background: none\">\n<div class=\"rellink relarticle mainarticle\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 1px;padding: 5px 7px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;overflow: hidden;background: none #f8f9fa\"><i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0916\u00a0:\u00a0<a class=\"new\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #dd3333;background: none\" title=\"Endosymbiotic theory (\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948)\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Endosymbiotic_theory&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Endosymbiotic theory<\/a><\/i><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"margin: 0.6em 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"margin: 0px auto;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;max-width: 100%;width: 202px;background: none\"><a class=\"image view-border-box\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Endosymbiosis.PNG\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage image-lazy-loaded\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;height: 223px;width: 200px;background: none\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c5\/Endosymbiosis.PNG\/200px-Endosymbiosis.PNG\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"223\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;width: 202px;padding: 0px !important;background: none\">\u0915\u0941\u091b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u090f\u0902\u0921\u094b \u0938\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0940\u092f\u0902\u091f \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/a>\u00a0\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0905\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 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\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928\u00a0<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0947\u091f\u094d\u0938\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/i>\u00a0\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e,<sup id=\"cite_ref-Andersson_42-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Andersson-42\">[40]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8\">\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u093e\u092a\u091a\u092f<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0940\u0916 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 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inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092e\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE\">\u092e\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094b\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/a>\u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0915<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0928\u0940\u0932 \u0939\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u0948\u0935\u093e\u0932\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2\">\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-Bergland_43-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Bergland-43\">[41]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092e\u092a\u094b\u0937\u0923\u091c \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u0908\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-ForteyDtL_33-5\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-ForteyDtL-33\">[31]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:60-61<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dawkins-Ancestors_30-3\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Dawkins-Ancestors-30\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:536-539<\/sup><\/span>\u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0907\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0940 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\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0947\u0930\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u093c\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0938\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0930\u094b\u0915\u0940\u091f\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0948\u091c\u0947\u0932\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u0928\u090f (DNA) \u0935\u093f\u0937\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0938\u0947<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0915\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0915\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95\">\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092d\u093f\u0915<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0941\u0906,<sup id=\"cite_ref-takemura_44-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-takemura-44\">[42]<\/a><\/sup><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">,<\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-takemura_44-1\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-takemura-44\">[42]<\/a><\/sup>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-peroxisome_45-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-peroxisome-45\">[43]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"margin: 0.6em 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"margin: 0px auto;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;max-width: 100%;width: 111px;background: none\"><a class=\"image view-border-box\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Alga_volvox.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage image-lazy-loaded\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;height: 109px;width: 109px;background: none\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5f\/Alga_volvox.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"109\" height=\"109\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;width: 111px;padding: 0px !important;background: none\">\u091c\u0940\u0928\u0938 \u0935\u094c\u0932\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928 \u0936\u0948\u0935\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u094b\u0936\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094c\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0935 \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947-\u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0917\u090f\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e, \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940-\u0938\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0964 1.1 Ga \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917, \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0949\u0921\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-hanson-rodinia_46-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-hanson-rodinia-46\">[44]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092a\u093e\u0926\u092a\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AA\">\u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f<\/a>,\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0940\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80\">\u091c\u0940\u0935-\u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941<\/a>\u00a0\u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u0935\u0915 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f \u0925\u0947, \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 \u0915\u0941\u091b 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\u0938\u0926\u0948\u0935 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 1 \u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935<sup id=\"cite_ref-Cosmic-evolution-bio2_47-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Cosmic-evolution-bio2-47\">[45]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u094b\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u0939\u0930\u093e \u0936\u0948\u0935\u093e\u0932 \u0925\u093e\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-bhattacharya_48-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-bhattacharya-48\">[46]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 900 Ma\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dawkins-Ancestors_30-4\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Dawkins-Ancestors-30\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:488<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u0936\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0902\u091c\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C\">\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0902\u091c<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u0935\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0924 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style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:483-487<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u091a\u0942\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f-\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0935 \u090f\u0915 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inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e_\u0935_\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f_\u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f\" class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;width: 232px;background: none\">\u0930\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><a class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.83333333em;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;background: none\" title=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928: \u0930\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"mw-body\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 32px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: transparent;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px;vertical-align: baseline;color: #222222\">\n<div class=\"content\" style=\"margin: 0px 16px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.65;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"hi\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mf-section-2 collapsible-block open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;background: none\">\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"margin: 0.6em 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"margin: 0px auto;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;max-width: 100%;width: 222px;background: none\"><a class=\"image view-border-box\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Wilson-cycle_hg.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage image-lazy-loaded\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;height: 120px;width: 220px;background: none\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/85\/Wilson-cycle_hg.svg\/220px-Wilson-cycle_hg.svg.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"120\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;width: 222px;padding: 0px !important;background: none\">1 Ga \u0938\u0947 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\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 250 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u092c \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a &#8220;\u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f&#8221; \u092a\u0948\u0928\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935, \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0924\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092d\u0942\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0940\u092f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0925\u0947\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_25-6\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Lunine-25\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:95<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0916\u0923\u094d\u0921 \u0906\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u092c \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0928\u092f\u0947 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\u0915\u093f \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 1000 \u0938\u0947 830 Ma \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0930\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-Stanley_336_49-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Stanley_336-49\">[47]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0930\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0917\u092f\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">800 Ma \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0930\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a 500 Ma \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c \u0917\u090f \u0939\u094b\u0902. \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u0935\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u091f\u0915\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u0928-\u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0928 \u0913\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u0940 (Pan-African orogeny) \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e, \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940-\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0905\u0902\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0932\u0949\u0930\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a (\u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f \u092e\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940-\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0930 \u0925\u093e) 610 Ma \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0939\u0940 \u091f\u0942\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0907\u0924\u0928\u093e \u0924\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0924\u0915, \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0938-\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dalziel_50-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Dalziel-50\">[48]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"in-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0.5em 0px;border: 0px;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;line-height: 1.3;font-size: 1.2em;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><span id=\".E0.A4.89.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.B0-.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.9F.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.BC.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.87.E0.A4.95_.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8C.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.AE_.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.9C.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.A8\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915_\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e_\u0924\u0925\u093e_\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\" class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;width: 232px;background: none\">\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><a class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.83333333em;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;background: none\" title=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928: \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"mw-body\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 32px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: transparent;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px;vertical-align: baseline;color: #222222\">\n<div class=\"content\" style=\"margin: 0px 16px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.65;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"hi\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mf-section-2 collapsible-block open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;background: none\">\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"margin: 0.6em 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"margin: 0px auto;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;max-width: 100%;width: 222px;background: none\"><a class=\"image view-border-box\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Spriggina_Floundensi_4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage image-lazy-loaded\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;height: 176px;width: 220px;background: none\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4e\/Spriggina_Floundensi_4.png\/220px-Spriggina_Floundensi_4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"176\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;width: 222px;padding: 0px !important;background: none\">\u0938\u094d\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0928\u094d\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093e \u092b\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0902\u0938\u0940, \u090f\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0936\u0941, \u0915\u093e 580 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e.\u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0915\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u090f \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e \u0926\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0928\u094b\u092c\u0949\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947 \u0917\u090f, \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u092f\u0902\u0915\u0930 \u0925\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u091c\u092e \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 710 \u0914\u0930 640 Ma \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0928\u094b\u092c\u0949\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u092f\u0902\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0930\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0936\u0940\u0924 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0928 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0942\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0930\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0937\u0941\u0935\u0924\u094d \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0914\u0930\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0908\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1\">\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0906\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921<\/a>\u00a0(CO<sub style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">2<\/sub>) \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0932\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0964 \u091a\u0942\u0902\u0915\u093f CO<sub style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">2<\/sub>\u00a0\u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0907\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u094d\u0928\u094b\u092c\u0949\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0908 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u092e\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 (permafrost) \u0925\u0940, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0906\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0928\u0939\u093e\u0909\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0940\u0964\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hoffman_51-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Hoffman-51\">[49]<\/a><\/sup>\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0930\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u090f\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0928 (Ediacaran) \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 (Cryogenia) \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0906\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u092f\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u094b\u0936\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0926\u093f \u092d\u092f\u0902\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u092e \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e. \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u090f \u0930\u0942\u092a, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u090f\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80\">\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/a>\u00a0\u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-Xiao_52-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Xiao-52\">[50]<\/a><\/sup>\u092e\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092a\u0947\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u090f\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0936\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0916\u094d\u0924 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092b\u0948\u0928\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0905\u0925\u0935\u093e \u090f\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-mf-arrow mw-ui-icon-element  mf-mw-ui-icon-rotate-flip indicator\" style=\"margin: 0.7em 0px 0px -1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.4em;vertical-align: baseline;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;float: left;background: none\" title=\"\"><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"in-block section-heading collapsible-heading open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 0.5em;padding: 0.5em 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 1px;border-bottom-style: solid;border-bottom-color: #eaecf0;font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.3;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;cursor: pointer;background: none\"><span id=\".E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.88.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.BC.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.87.E0.A4.95_.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.97\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><\/span><span id=\"\u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915_\u092f\u0941\u0917\" class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;width: 208px;background: none\">\u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><a class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.66666667em;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;background: none\" title=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928: \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-body\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 32px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: transparent;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px;vertical-align: baseline;color: #222222\">\n<div class=\"content\" style=\"margin: 0px 16px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.65;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"hi\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div id=\"content-collapsible-block-2\" class=\"mf-section-3 collapsible-block open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;background: none\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917 (\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925:\u00a0<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092f\u0941\u0917<\/i>) \u092b\u0948\u0928\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f 542 \u0938\u0947 251 Ma \u0924\u0915 \u091a\u0932\u093e. \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928, \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u090f\u0964 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935-\u091c\u0902\u0924\u0941. \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0927\u0940\u092e\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0928\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 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href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u092a\u0926\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/a>\u00a0\u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947-\u0927\u0940\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0948\u0928\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"in-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0.5em 0px;border: 0px;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;line-height: 1.3;font-size: 1.2em;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><span id=\".E0.A4.95.E0.A5.88.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AC.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.A8_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AB.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.9F\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0915\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928_\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f\" class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;width: 232px;background: none\">\u0915\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><a class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.83333333em;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;background: none\" title=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928: \u0915\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"mw-body\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 32px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: transparent;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px;vertical-align: baseline;color: #222222\">\n<div class=\"content\" style=\"margin: 0px 16px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.65;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"hi\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mf-section-3 collapsible-block open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;background: none\">\n<div class=\"rellink relarticle mainarticle\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 1px;padding: 5px 7px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;overflow: hidden;background: none #f8f9fa\"><i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0916\u00a0:\u00a0<a class=\"new\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #dd3333;background: none\" title=\"Cambrian explosion (\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948)\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cambrian_explosion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Cambrian explosion<\/a><\/i><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0932 (542-488 Ma) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0917\u0908\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u092b\u093e\u0907\u0932\u093e, \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u0942\u0924\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0925\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u091c \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-Lunine_25-7\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Lunine-25\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:229<\/sup><\/span>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090f\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0930\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092b\u093e\u0907\u0932\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0918\u094b\u0902\u0918\u0947,\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0907\u0915\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0921\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u091f\u093e\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE\">\u090f\u0915\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0921\u0930\u094d\u092e<\/a>, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0949\u0907\u0921 \u0924\u0925\u093e<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0921\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0918\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98\">\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0949\u0921\u094d\u0938<\/a>\u00a0(\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u092a\u0949\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0902) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0905\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0935\u091a\u094b\u0902, \u0915\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f-\u0915\u0902\u0915\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0935 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Levin_330_53-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Levin_330-53\">[51]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0928 (\u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092f\u0941\u0917, 488-444 Ma) \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0928\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0905\u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-BBC-Mass_Extinctions_54-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-BBC-Mass_Extinctions-54\">[52]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u00a0<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0910\u0928\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0938<\/i>\u00a0\u0924\u0925\u093e<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0939\u093e\u0908\u0915\u093e\u0909\u0936\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0938<\/i>\u00a0\u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0915\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928, \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0915\u0936\u0947\u0930\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5\">\u0915\u0936\u0947\u0930\u0941\u0915\u0940<\/a>\u00a0\u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902, \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u091b\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dawkins_349_55-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Dawkins_349-55\">[53]<\/a><\/sup><i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092a\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e<\/i>\u00a0\u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u092e\u091b\u094d\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u094d\u092f\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u0935\u0902\u0936 (notochord) \u0925\u093e, \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092f\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092e\u0947\u0930\u0942\u0926\u0923\u094d\u0921\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1\">\u0930\u0940\u0922\u093c \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0921\u094d\u0921\u0940<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u091c\u092c\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924\u0940 \u092e\u091b\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 (\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0948\u0925\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u091f\u093e) \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0902. \u0928\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u091b\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0938\u094b\u0921\u0930\u094d\u092e\u00a0<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0921\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0913\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092f\u0938<\/i>, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f 7 \u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"in-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0.5em 0px;border: 0px;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;line-height: 1.3;font-size: 1.2em;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><span id=\".E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.88.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.BC.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.87.E0.A4.95_.E0.A4.9F.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.9F.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B8.2C_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.88.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.8B-.E0.A4.AD.E0.A5.82.E0.A4.97.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.B2_.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.8C.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.AE\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><\/span><span id=\"\u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915_\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938,_\u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b-\u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932_\u0924\u0925\u093e_\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e\" class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;width: 232px;background: none\">\u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b-\u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><a class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.83333333em;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;background: none\" title=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928: \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938, \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b-\u092d\u0942\u0917\u094b\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"mw-body\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 32px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: transparent;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px;vertical-align: baseline;color: #222222\">\n<div class=\"content\" style=\"margin: 0px 16px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.65;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"hi\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mf-section-3 collapsible-block open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;background: none\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0932\u0949\u0930\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092c\u093e\u0932\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0917\u094b\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1\">\u0917\u094b\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/a>\u00a0\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u092c \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u0942\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092f\u0941\u0935\u093e \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0940\u092f \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0918\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e. \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0925\u0947, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u093f\u092e-\u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0906\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0922\u0902\u0915 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0917\u094b\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u092e\u0928\u0926\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0917\u094b\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u091f \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u093f\u092e-\u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928, \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0942\u0939\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092a\u0949\u0921\u094d\u0938, \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0932\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0938, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0906 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0940\u0902\u0964\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc-ordovician_56-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-bbc-ordovician-56\">[54]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0916\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0917\u092f\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">450 \u0924\u0925\u093e 400 Ma \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a, \u0915\u0948\u0932\u093f\u0921\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0911\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928, \u0932\u094c\u0930\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0948\u0932\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091f\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0949\u0930\u0941\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u091f\u0915\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0924-\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0936\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6\">\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/a>,\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0949\u091f\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1\">\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0949\u091f\u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921<\/a>\u00a0\u0924\u0925\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0910\u092a\u0932\u093e\u0915\u093f\u092f\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0922\u0942\u0902\u0922\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0921\u0947\u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0932 (416-359 Ma) \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0917\u094b\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0932\u0949\u0930\u0941\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0930\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u0932\u0949\u0930\u0941\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u091f\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092f\u0942\u0930\u0947\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0911\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0932\u0949\u0930\u0941\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0917\u094b\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091f\u0915\u094d\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0948\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0939\u0930\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0911\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0910\u0932\u0947\u0918\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0911\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092b\u0947\u0930\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0932 (359-299 Ma) \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0948\u0928\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"in-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0.5em 0px;border: 0px;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;line-height: 1.3;font-size: 1.2em;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><span id=\".E0.A4.AD.E0.A5.82.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BF_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.94.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.B6.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A3\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><\/span><span id=\"\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f_\u0915\u093e_\u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\" class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;width: 232px;background: none\">\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><a class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.83333333em;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;background: none\" title=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928: \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0914\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"mw-body\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 32px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: transparent;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px;vertical-align: baseline;color: #222222\">\n<div class=\"content\" style=\"margin: 0px 16px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.65;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"hi\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mf-section-3 collapsible-block open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;background: none\">\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"margin: 0.6em 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"margin: 0px auto;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;max-width: 100%;width: 222px;background: none\"><a class=\"image view-border-box\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:PIA02405.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage image-lazy-loaded\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;height: 95px;width: 220px;background: none\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/33\/PIA02405.jpg\/220px-PIA02405.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"95\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;width: 222px;padding: 0px !important;background: none\">\u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0925\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u092e\u0902\u0917\u0932 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0938 \u0926\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 [111] \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0915 \u0913\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0930\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094b\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092f\u0939 \u0925\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0915\u094b\u0936\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0925\u0947, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0928\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0942\u0915\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 2.6 Ga<sup id=\"cite_ref-pisani_57-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-pisani-57\">[55]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0927\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0915, \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0915\u094b\u0936\u0940\u092f \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0939\u0940\u0964 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e 600 Ma \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 50 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-liebermean_58-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-liebermean-58\">[56]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u092e\u091b\u0932\u0940, \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u0936\u0947\u0930\u0941\u0915\u0940, 530 Ma \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dawkins-Ancestors_30-6\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Dawkins-Ancestors-30\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:354<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928-\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0948\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0932,<sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc-cambrian_59-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-bbc-cambrian-59\">[57]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u091c\u094b 488 Ma \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0925\u0940\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-landing_60-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-landing-60\">[58]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0915\u0908 \u0938\u094c \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935, \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f (\u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0936\u0948\u0935\u093e\u0932\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2\">\u0936\u0948\u0935\u093e\u0932<\/a>\u00a0\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0925\u0947) \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u0915\u0935\u0915 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0909\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u0939\u0941\u090f.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Fortey_61-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Fortey-61\">[59]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:138-140<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f-\u0915\u0935\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092e 480\u2013460 Ma \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0906\u0923\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0935\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 1000 Ma \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0928\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 700 Ma \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-heckman_62-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-heckman-62\">[60]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0928\u092f\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0936\u0941 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948: \u0927\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 450 Ma \u092e\u0947\u0902\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094b\u0921\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0918\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98\">\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926<\/a>\u00a0\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902,<sup id=\"cite_ref-johnson_63-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-johnson-63\">[61]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u091c\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0924\u094d\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f-\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u092f\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f. \u0907\u0938 \u092c\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093f\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 530 Ma \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0935\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f.<sup id=\"cite_ref-macnaughton_64-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-macnaughton-64\">[62]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0911\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094b\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924, 440 Ma, \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u0909\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0906\u092f\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u092e-\u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928-\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0902.<sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc-ordovician_56-1\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-bbc-ordovician-56\">[54]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0380 \u0938\u0947 375 Ma \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917, \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-clack-sa_65-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-clack-sa-65\">[63]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0910\u0938\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u092e\u091b\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0916 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u094c\u0915\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0917\u0939\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940.<sup id=\"cite_ref-clack-sa_65-1\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-clack-sa-65\">[63]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u091c\u092e\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0939\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903, \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u092f\u0938\u094d\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e, \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0923\u094d\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0935\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u092d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0925\u0940\u0964 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 365 Ma \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0940\u0924\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u090f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928-\u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc-devonian_66-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-bbc-devonian-66\">[64]<\/a><\/sup>\u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092c\u0940\u091c\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C\">\u092c\u0940\u091c<\/a>\u00a0\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0924\u0915 (\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 360 Ma \u0924\u0915) \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0928\u093e\u091f\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0964\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-willis_67-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-willis-67\">[65]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-waikato_68-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-waikato-68\">[66]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"margin: 0.6em 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"margin: 0px auto;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;max-width: 100%;width: 222px;background: none\"><a class=\"image view-border-box\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Pangaea_continents.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage image-lazy-loaded\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;height: 248px;width: 220px;background: none\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/53\/Pangaea_continents.png\/220px-Pangaea_continents.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"248\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;width: 222px;padding: 0px !important;background: none\">\u092a\u0948\u0928\u094d\u0917\u0947\u0908, \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a, 300 \u0938\u0947 180 \u090f\u092e\u090f \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0948\u0928\u094d\u0921\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0938\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0928\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 20 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0926 (340 Ma<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dawkins-Ancestors_30-7\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Dawkins-Ancestors-30\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:293-296<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0), \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0923\u094d\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0924\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u092d\u094d\u0930\u0942\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0932\u093e\u092d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0909\u092d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 30 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 (310 Ma<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dawkins-Ancestors_30-8\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Dawkins-Ancestors-30\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:254-256<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0) \u0938\u0949\u0930\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0921\u094b\u0902 (\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0935 \u0938\u0930\u0940\u0938\u0943\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924) \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0948\u092a\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0921\u094b\u0902 (\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924) \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902-\u092e\u091b\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u0915\u0940\u091f\u094b\u0902, \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902-\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0948\u0928\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u091c\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u0915\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 300 Ma \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-mf-arrow mw-ui-icon-element  mf-mw-ui-icon-rotate-flip indicator\" style=\"margin: 0.7em 0px 0px -1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.4em;vertical-align: baseline;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;float: left;background: none\" title=\"\"><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"in-block section-heading collapsible-heading open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 0.5em;padding: 0.5em 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 1px;border-bottom-style: solid;border-bottom-color: #eaecf0;font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.3;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;cursor: pointer;background: none\"><span id=\".E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.BC.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.87.E0.A4.95\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><\/span><span id=\"\u092e\u0947\u0938\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915\" class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;width: 208px;background: none\">\u092e\u0947\u0938\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><a class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.66666667em;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;background: none\" title=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928: \u092e\u0947\u0938\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-body\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 32px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: transparent;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px;vertical-align: baseline;color: #222222\">\n<div class=\"content\" style=\"margin: 0px 16px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.65;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"hi\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div id=\"content-collapsible-block-3\" class=\"mf-section-4 collapsible-block open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;background: none\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u091c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u092f\u0902\u0915\u0930 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e 250 Ma \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0941\u0908; \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u093e 95% \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0938\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917 (\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f-\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928) \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 187 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0925\u093e\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc-permian-triassic_69-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-bbc-permian-triassic-69\">[67]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u093e\u0907\u092c\u0947\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e\u092e\u0941\u0916\u0940\u092f \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0923\u094d\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935, \u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928 \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923, \u0938\u092e\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0932\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902, \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e, \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0907\u0928 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0915\u0947\u0938 \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921\u00a0<a class=\"mw-disambig\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc-antarctic-crater_70-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-bbc-antarctic-crater-70\">[68]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u092f\u093e \u0911\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0930-\u092a\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0947\u0921\u093e\u0909\u091f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u0928-\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u0928-\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u091a\u092e\u0941\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u092f\u0928-\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092c\u091a \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 230 Ma \u092e\u0947\u0902,<sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc-new_blood_71-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-bbc-new_blood-71\">[69]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0930\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0\">\u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094b\u0930<\/a>\u00a0\u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0940\u0938\u0943\u092a \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f\u0964 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a 200 Ma \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092a\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094b\u0930 \u092c\u091a \u0917\u090f,<sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc-triassic_72-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-bbc-triassic-72\">[70]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932\u094d\u0926 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0936\u0947\u0930\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u090f\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u0939\u094b \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u091b\u091b\u0942\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0925\u0947\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dawkins-Ancestors_30-9\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Dawkins-Ancestors-30\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:169<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">180 Ma \u0924\u0915, \u092a\u0948\u0928\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0949\u0930\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0917\u094b\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0932\u0948\u0902\u0921\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1\">\u0917\u094b\u0902\u0921\u0935\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964 \u0909\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0928 \u0909\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094b\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928\u00a0<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u092f\u094b\u092a\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8\">\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938<\/a><\/i>, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 150 Ma \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-archaeopteryx_73-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-archaeopteryx-73\">[71]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0938\u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0915 \u092a\u094c\u0927\u093e\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE\">\u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092c\u0940\u091c\u0940<\/a>\u00a0\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0932, \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 20 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0926 (132 Ma) \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-tol-angiosperms_74-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-tol-angiosperms-74\">[72]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u091f\u0947\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094b\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0918\u091f\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0925\u0947,<sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc-death-dynasty_75-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-bbc-death-dynasty-75\">[73]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u091c\u092c 65 Ma \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 10-\u0915\u093f\u0932\u094b\u092e\u0940\u091f\u0930 (33,000\u00a0\u092b\u0940\u091f) \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093e-\u092a\u093f\u0923\u094d\u0921 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u091c\u093c\u0941\u0932\u0941\u092c \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092f\u0941\u0915\u0947\u091f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e. \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0935 \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0939\u0935\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936-\u0938\u0902\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0930\u0942\u0915 \u0917\u0908\u0964 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0936\u0941, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928 \u0909\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947\u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0928\u094b\u0938\u094b\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f,<sup id=\"cite_ref-cosmic-evolution-bio4_76-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-cosmic-evolution-bio4-76\">[74]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0938\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0936\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0927\u0924\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0936\u0947\u0930\u0941\u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u090f\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0906\u092e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 2 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 (\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 63 Ma \u092e\u0947\u0902) \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dawkins-Ancestors_30-10\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Dawkins-Ancestors-30\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:160<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0938\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0924\u0915, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u091c\u093c\u092e\u0940\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0928\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0915\u0930\u00a0<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092c\u0948\u0938\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0938\u0949\u0930\u0938<\/i>\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0936\u0941 \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u090f, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0924\u0903\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0921\u0949\u0932\u094d\u092b\u093f\u0928\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8\">\u0921\u0949\u0932\u094d\u092b\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902<\/a>\u00a0\u0935 \u092c\u0948\u0932\u0940\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-bbc-whale-killer_77-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-bbc-whale-killer-77\">[75]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-mf-arrow mw-ui-icon-element  mf-mw-ui-icon-rotate-flip indicator\" style=\"margin: 0.7em 0px 0px -1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.4em;vertical-align: baseline;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;float: left;background: none\" title=\"\"><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"in-block section-heading collapsible-heading open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 0.5em;padding: 0.5em 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 1px;border-bottom-style: solid;border-bottom-color: #eaecf0;font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.3;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;cursor: pointer;background: none\"><span id=\".E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.9C.E0.A4.BC.E0.A5.8B.E0.A4.87.E0.A4.95_.E0.A4.AF.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.97_.28.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.9C.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.A8.29\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0938\u0947\u0928\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915_\u092f\u0941\u0917_(\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e_\u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928)\" class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;width: 208px;background: none\">\u0938\u0947\u0928\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917 (\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928)<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><a class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.66666667em;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;background: none\" title=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928: \u0938\u0947\u0928\u094b\u091c\u093c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917 (\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928)\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"mw-body\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 32px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: transparent;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px;vertical-align: baseline;color: #222222\">\n<div class=\"content\" style=\"margin: 0px 16px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.65;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"hi\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div id=\"content-collapsible-block-4\" class=\"mf-section-5 collapsible-block open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;background: none\">\n<div class=\"rellink relarticle mainarticle\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 1px;padding: 5px 7px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;overflow: hidden;background: none #f8f9fa\"><i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0916\u00a0:\u00a0<a class=\"new\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #dd3333;background: none\" title=\"Cenozoic (\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948)\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Cenozoic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Cenozoic<\/a><\/i><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"in-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0.5em 0px;border: 0px;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;line-height: 1.3;font-size: 1.2em;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><span id=\".E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.B5_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><\/span><span id=\"\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935_\u0915\u093e_\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\" class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;width: 232px;background: none\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><a class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.83333333em;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;background: none\" title=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928: \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"mw-body\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 32px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: transparent;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px;vertical-align: baseline;color: #222222\">\n<div class=\"content\" style=\"margin: 0px 16px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.65;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"hi\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mf-section-5 collapsible-block open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;background: none\">\n<div class=\"rellink relarticle mainarticle\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 1px;padding: 5px 7px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;overflow: hidden;background: none #f8f9fa\"><i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0916\u00a0:\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #3366cc;background: none\" title=\"\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8\">\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938<\/a><\/i><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 6 Ma \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0938-\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0928\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092a\u0936\u0941 \u0925\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u0936\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0935 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u091f\u0924\u092e \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0940, \u092c\u094b\u0928\u094b\u092c\u094b \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091a\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0928\u094d\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dawkins-Ancestors_30-11\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Dawkins-Ancestors-30\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:100-101<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0902\u0936-\u0935\u0943\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0926\u094b \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0902\u0936\u091c \u092c\u091a\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0928\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u0916\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0915\u0930 \u091a\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0940\u0964\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dawkins-Ancestors_30-12\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Dawkins-Ancestors-30\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:95-99<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95\">\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0914\u0930 2 Ma \u0924\u0915,\u00a0<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0939\u094b\u092e\u094b<\/i>\u00a0\u0935\u0902\u0936 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-Fortey_61-1\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Fortey-61\">[59]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:300<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u092c\u0947\u0936\u0915, \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0939\u0926 \u0924\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940-\u0926\u0930-\u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0938-\u092a\u093e\u0938, \u0906\u092e \u091a\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094b\u0928\u094b\u092c\u094b \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u0916\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u093e\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dawkins-Ancestors_30-13\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Dawkins-Ancestors-30\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:100-101<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0906\u0917\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97\">\u0906\u0917<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926\u00a0<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0939\u094b\u092e\u094b \u0907\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0938<\/i>\u00a0(\u092f\u093e\u00a0<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0939\u094b\u092e\u094b \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0947\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930<\/i>) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0915\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u092e 790,000 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935,<sup id=\"cite_ref-goren-inbar_78-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-goren-inbar-78\">[76]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 1.5 Ma \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dawkins-Ancestors_30-14\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Dawkins-Ancestors-30\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:67<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0935 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u00a0<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0939\u094b\u092e\u094b \u0907\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0938<\/i>\u00a0\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u0905\u0930 \u092a\u0948\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0925\u093f\u0915 (\u0913\u0932\u094d\u0921\u094b\u0935\u0928) \u0939\u094b\u092e\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0921\u00a0<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0939\u094b\u092e\u094b \u0939\u0948\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0938<\/i>\u092f\u093e\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u091c\u093f\u0902\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0925\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0938\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8\"><i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092a\u0948\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0925\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0938<\/i><\/a>\u00a0\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0911\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0932\u094b\u092a\u093e\u0907\u0925\u0947\u0936\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-McClellan_79-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-McClellan-79\">[77]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u0948; \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u00a0<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0939\u094b\u092e\u094b \u0907\u0930\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0938<\/i>\u00a0\u092c\u094b\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u00a0<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0939\u094b\u092e\u094b \u0938\u0947\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/i>\u00a0\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0925\u0940\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dawkins-Ancestors_30-15\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Dawkins-Ancestors-30\">[28]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:67<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e, \u0936\u093f\u0936\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u093e, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0907\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0917\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0915\u094b\u0916 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0920\u093f\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u092e\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u094c\u0936\u0932 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u090f, \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f. \u0907\u0938\u0928\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u094c\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-McNeill_80-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-McNeill-80\">[78]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:7<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u0910\u0938\u093e \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 (<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0939\u094b\u092e\u094b \u0938\u0947\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/i>) \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 200,000 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u092b\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 160,000 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-gibbons_81-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-gibbons-81\">[79]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0906\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0928\u093f\u0905\u0902\u0921\u0930\u0925\u0932 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5\">\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0947\u0902\u0921\u0930\u0925\u0932<\/a>\u00a0(\u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u0902\u0936\u091c \u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u091a\u0947) \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0935\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0943\u0924\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u092b\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947, \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u092f\u0926 \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925.<sup id=\"cite_ref-hopfe_82-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-hopfe-82\">[80]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:17<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5\">\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b-\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0928<\/a>\u00a0\u0917\u0941\u092b\u093e-\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u091c\u093e\u0926\u0941\u0908 \u092f\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947)<sup id=\"cite_ref-hopfe_82-1\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-hopfe-82\">[80]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:17-19<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 32,000 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0925\u0940\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-Chauvet_83-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Chauvet-83\">[81]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b-\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u092a\u0924\u094d\u0925\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0921\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092b \u0915\u093e \u0935\u0940\u0928\u0938, \u092d\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0935\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-hopfe_82-2\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-hopfe-82\">[80]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:17-19<\/sup><\/span>\u00a011,000 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0924\u0915 \u0906\u0924\u0947-\u0906\u0924\u0947,\u00a0<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0939\u094b\u092e\u094b \u0938\u0947\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/i>\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u091b\u094b\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a \u0917\u092f\u0947, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0939\u093e\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0940\u092a \u0925\u093e (\u0905\u0902\u091f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 1820 \u0908\u0938\u0935\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0940).<sup id=\"cite_ref-oxford-atlas_84-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-oxford-atlas-84\">[82]<\/a><\/sup>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;clear: both;background: none\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"in-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0.5em 0px;border: 0px;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;line-height: 1.3;font-size: 1.2em;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><span id=\".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.AD.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BE\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\" class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;width: 232px;background: none\">\u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><a class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.83333333em;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;background: none\" title=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928: \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"mw-body\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 32px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: transparent;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px;vertical-align: baseline;color: #222222\">\n<div class=\"content\" style=\"margin: 0px 16px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.65;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"hi\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mf-section-5 collapsible-block open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;background: none\">\n<div class=\"rellink relarticle mainarticle\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 1px;padding: 5px 7px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;overflow: hidden;background: none #f8f9fa\"><i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0916\u00a0:\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #3366cc;background: none\" title=\"\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938<\/a><\/i><\/div>\n<div class=\"rellink\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 1px;padding: 5px 7px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;overflow: hidden;background: none #f8f9fa\">\u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902:\u00a0<a class=\"new\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #dd3333;background: none\" title=\"History of Africa (\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948)\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Africa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">History of Africa<\/a>,\u00a0<a class=\"new\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #dd3333;background: none\" title=\"History of the Americas (\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948)\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_the_Americas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">History of the Americas<\/a>,\u00a0<a class=\"new\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #dd3333;background: none\" title=\"History of Antarctica (\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948)\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Antarctica&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">History of Antarctica<\/a>,\u00a0and\u00a0<a class=\"new\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #dd3333;background: none\" title=\"History of Eurasia (\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948)\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=History_of_Eurasia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">History of Eurasia<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"margin: 0.6em 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"margin: 0px auto;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;max-width: 100%;width: 222px;background: none\"><a class=\"image view-border-box\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage image-lazy-loaded\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;height: 299px;width: 220px;background: none\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/22\/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg\/220px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"299\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;width: 222px;padding: 0px !important;background: none\">\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u094b \u0926\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0948\u0928 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 90% \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0932 \u0924\u0915,\u00a0<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0939\u094b\u092e\u094b \u0938\u0947\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0928<\/i>\u0918\u0942\u092e\u0902\u0924\u0942 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940-\u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u091f\u094b\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947\u0964\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-McNeill_80-1\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-McNeill-80\">[78]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:8<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0917\u0908, \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0927\u094d\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e: \u092e\u0947\u092e\u0947 (meme).<sup id=\"cite_ref-dawkins-sg_85-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-dawkins-sg-85\">[83]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0906\u0926\u093e\u0928-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0940\u0922\u093c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0928\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8\">\u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8\">\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 8500 \u0914\u0930 7000 \u0908\u092a\u0942 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a,\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5\">\u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u091c\u093e\u090a \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0935 \u092a\u0936\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0915\u0940:\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF\">\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f<\/a>.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Tudge_86-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Tudge-86\">[84]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u092b\u0948\u0932 \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0902\u0936\u00a0<i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0939\u094b\u092e\u094b \u0938\u0947\u092a\u093f\u092f\u0928\u094d\u0938<\/i>\u00a0\u0915\u0943\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0908 \u092c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u090f\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092c\u0926\u094b\u0936 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947, \u091c\u094b \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0925\u0947, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0918\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0942 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0935\u0928\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091c\u093e\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0925\u0940\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0911\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-diamond_87-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-diamond-87\">[85]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0928 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0935 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0915\u0943\u0937\u093f \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e; \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092d\u0942\u0924\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0917\u0947\u0964 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u094b\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u0928\u094d\u092e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8\">\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e-\u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/a>\u00a0\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0938\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0930\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0\">\u0938\u0941\u092e\u0947\u0930<\/a>\u00a0\u092e\u0947\u0902 4000 \u0914\u0930 3000 \u0908\u092a\u0942 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-McNeill_80-2\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-McNeill-80\">[78]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:15<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0940\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0930\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0930<\/a>, \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0927\u0941 \u0928\u0926\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0918\u093e\u091f\u0940 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0902.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">3000 \u0908\u092a\u0942,\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0942 \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE\">\u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/a>, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0906\u091c \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Hindu_88-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Hindu-88\">[86]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f.\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8\">\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0947 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e: \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u091c \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0914\u0930\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF\">\u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/a>\u00a0\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0923\u094d\u0921\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u092f\u093e. \u0905\u092c \u092e\u0928\u0941\u0937\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u091a\u093e\u092f\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0930\u094d\u091a \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e-\u091c\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0938\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0928\u0947 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0924\u0925\u093e \u092c\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u0923\u093e \u0926\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928<\/a>\u00a0(\u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902) \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0937\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u090f. \u0928\u0908 \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0939\u0941\u0906, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0947 \u0935 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0902 \u0925\u0940\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u0932\u094d\u0926 \u0939\u0940\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF\">\u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092d\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 500 \u0908\u092a\u0942 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0938-\u092a\u093e\u0938, \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935, \u0907\u0930\u093e\u0928, \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924, \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0917\u092d\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0925\u0947; \u0915\u092d\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u094d\u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0903 \u0909\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0925\u0940 \u092f\u093e \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0940\u091b\u0947 \u0927\u0915\u0947\u0932 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0925\u093e\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-McNeill_80-3\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-McNeill-80\">[78]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:3<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u091a\u094c\u0926\u0939\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e, \u0915\u0932\u093e \u0935 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0907\u091f\u0932\u0940\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80\">\u0907\u091f\u0932\u0940<\/a>\u00a0\u092e\u0947\u0902\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0923\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3\">\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0917\u0930\u0923<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-McNeill_80-4\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-McNeill-80\">[78]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:317-319<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u0938\u0928 1500 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092d\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0928\u0947 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\u0938\u092e\u093e\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u0941\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u091c\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u0947\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-McNeill_80-5\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-McNeill-80\">[78]<\/a><\/sup><span class=\"reference plainlinksneverexpand\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><sup style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\">:295-299<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0\u0938\u0928 1914 \u0938\u0947 1918 \u0924\u0925\u093e 1939 \u0938\u0947 1945t \u0924\u0915, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7\">\u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935-\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\u094b\u0902<\/a>\u00a0\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0932\u091d\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u092e 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\u092f\u0939\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7\">\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0940, \u0924\u094b \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0\">\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0918<\/a>\u00a0\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0964 1992 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0918\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98\">\u092f\u0942\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0918<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0935 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u0928\u0948\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925-\u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u090f\u0915-\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0902\u0925\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u0940\u0902 \u0917\u0908\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3\">\u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/a>\u00a0\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u091f\u0915\u0930\u093e\u0935 \u0935 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;clear: both;background: none\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"in-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0.5em 0px;border: 0px;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;line-height: 1.3;font-size: 1.2em;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><span id=\".E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B2.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.98.E0.A4.9F.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.8F.E0.A4.82\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e_\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902\" class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;width: 232px;background: none\">\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/span><span style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 19.2000007629395px;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><a class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit-enabled edit-page\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.83333333em;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;background: none\" title=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928: \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22\">\u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"mw-body\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px 0px 32px;border-width: 1px 0px 0px;border-top-style: solid;border-top-color: transparent;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px;vertical-align: baseline;color: #222222\">\n<div class=\"content\" style=\"margin: 0px 16px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.65;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-content-ltr\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"hi\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"mf-section-5 collapsible-block open-block\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;background: none\">\n<div class=\"rellink relarticle mainarticle\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 1px;padding: 5px 7px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;overflow: hidden;background: none #f8f9fa\"><i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0932\u0947\u0916\u00a0:\u00a0<a class=\"new\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 12.8000001907349px;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #dd3333;background: none\" title=\"Modern era (\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948)\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Modern_era&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Modern era<\/a><\/i><\/div>\n<dl style=\"margin: 0px 0px 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<dd style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;overflow: auto;background: none\"><span class=\"boilerplate seealso\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><i style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902:\u00a0<a class=\"new\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #dd3333;background: none\" title=\"Modernity (\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948)\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Modernity&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Modernity<\/a>\u00a0\u090f\u0935\u0902\u00a0<a class=\"new\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #dd3333;background: none\" title=\"Future (\u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948)\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Future&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Future<\/a><\/i><\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<div class=\"thumb tright\" style=\"margin: 0.6em 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\" style=\"margin: 0px auto;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;max-width: 100%;width: 222px;background: none\"><a class=\"image view-border-box\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Astronaut-EVA.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage image-lazy-loaded\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;height: 220px;width: 220px;background: none\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/88\/Astronaut-EVA.jpg\/220px-Astronaut-EVA.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"220\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\" style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5;font-size: 0.8em;vertical-align: baseline;color: #54595d;width: 222px;padding: 0px !important;background: none\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0922\u093c\u0947 \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0930\u092c \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u092c\u093e\u0926, \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u093f\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0927\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">1940 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0936\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0940\u0935\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u092b\u093c\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u0941 \u0939\u0925\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0930,\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u0932\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0\">\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930<\/a>, \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0924\u0925\u093e\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80\">\u0928\u0948\u0928\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940<\/a>\u00a0\u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094c\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0948\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0948\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0\">\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930<\/a>,\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092a\u0942\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0926\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6\">\u092a\u0942\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0926<\/a>\u00a0\u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0928\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u091a\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0935 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0930\u094b\u0917\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97\">\u092c\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902<\/a>,\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE\">\u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927<\/a>, \u0917\u0930\u0940\u092c\u0940, \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0938\u0915 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u0930\u0939\u0947\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092d\u0942\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3\">\u092e\u094c\u0938\u092e-\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928<\/a>\u00a0\u0906\u0926\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<sup id=\"cite_ref-age_earth4_89-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-age_earth4-89\">[87]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\u0938\u0928 1957 \u092e\u0947\u0902,\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0938\u094b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98\">\u0938\u094b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918<\/a>\u00a0\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926,\u00a0<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u092f\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u0917\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0928\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8\">\u092f\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u0917\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0928<\/a>\u00a0\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0964 \u0928\u0940\u0932 \u0906\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094d\u0917, \u090f\u0915\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE\">\u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/a>\u0928\u093e\u0917\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0936\u0940\u092f \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941, \u091a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e, \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0926\u092e \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u092c\u0928\u0947\u0964 \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u092e\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0947 \u091c\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0915\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094b\u092f\u093e\u091c\u0930) \u0938\u094c\u0930 \u092e\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092c\u0940\u0938\u0935\u0940\u0902 \u0938\u0926\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094b\u0935\u093f\u092f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0918 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0905\u0917\u0941\u0906 \u0925\u0947\u0964 \u092a\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u090f\u091c\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902<sup id=\"cite_ref-Human_90-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8#cite_note-Human-90\">[88]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u0928\u0947<a style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;text-decoration: none;color: #5a3696;background: none\" title=\"\u0905\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928\" href=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8\">\u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0937\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/a>\u00a0\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0928 2000 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0924 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u00a0\u091c\u0917\u0926\u0940\u0936 \u0938\u093f\u0902\u0939 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0917\u0941\u0930\u0941 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u092a\u0923 \u00a0\u091c\u094c\u0928\u092a\u0941\u0930\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-Expedit_91-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1;font-size: 0.75em;background: none\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-mf-arrow mw-ui-icon-element   indicator\" style=\"margin: 0.7em 0px 0px -1em;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.5em;font-size: 0.4em;vertical-align: baseline;min-height: 1.5em;min-width: 3.5em;text-indent: -999px;overflow: hidden;width: 3.5em;max-width: 3.5em;float: left;background: none\" title=\"\"><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"in-block section-heading collapsible-heading\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 0.5em;padding: 0.5em 0px;border-width: 0px 0px 1px;border-bottom-style: solid;border-bottom-color: #eaecf0;font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: 1.3;vertical-align: baseline;clear: left;cursor: pointer;background: none\"><span id=\".E0.A4.87.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B9.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.AD.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.82\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;background: none\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902_\u092d\u0940_\u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\" class=\"mw-headline\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: middle;width: 208px;background: none\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/h2>\n<footer class=\"minerva-footer\" style=\"border-top-style: solid;border-top-width: 1px;border-top-color: #c8ccd1;overflow: auto;padding-bottom: 6px;color: #222222;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px\">\n<div class=\"post-content footer-content\" style=\"margin: 42px 16px 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;overflow: auto;background: none\">\n<div class=\"read-more-container\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 9px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<aside class=\"ra-read-more noprint\">\n<ul class=\"ext-related-articles-card-list\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 1em;vertical-align: baseline;overflow: hidden;background: none\">\n<li class=\"ext-related-articles-card\" title=\"\u0936\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\">\n<div class=\"ext-related-articles-card-thumb\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/footer>\n<footer class=\"minerva-footer\" style=\"border-top-style: solid;border-top-width: 1px;border-top-color: #c8ccd1;overflow: auto;padding-bottom: 6px;color: #222222;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px\">\n<div class=\"post-content footer-content\" style=\"margin: 42px 16px 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;overflow: auto;background: none\">\n<div class=\"read-more-container\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 9px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<aside class=\"ra-read-more noprint\">\n<ul class=\"ext-related-articles-card-list\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 1em;vertical-align: baseline;overflow: hidden;background: none\">\n<li class=\"ext-related-articles-card\" title=\"\u0936\u0928\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\">\n<div class=\"ext-related-articles-card-detail\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ext-related-articles-card\" title=\"\u092c\u0943\u0939\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\">\n<div class=\"ext-related-articles-card-thumb\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/footer>\n<footer class=\"minerva-footer\" style=\"border-top-style: solid;border-top-width: 1px;border-top-color: #c8ccd1;overflow: auto;padding-bottom: 6px;color: #222222;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px\">\n<div class=\"post-content footer-content\" style=\"margin: 42px 16px 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;overflow: auto;background: none\">\n<div class=\"read-more-container\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 9px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<aside class=\"ra-read-more noprint\">\n<ul class=\"ext-related-articles-card-list\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 1em;vertical-align: baseline;overflow: hidden;background: none\">\n<li class=\"ext-related-articles-card\" title=\"\u092c\u0943\u0939\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093e\u092f\u0941\u092e\u0902\u0921\u0932\">\n<div class=\"ext-related-articles-card-detail\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ext-related-articles-card\" title=\"\u0936\u0928\u093f \u0915\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\">\n<div class=\"ext-related-articles-card-thumb\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/footer>\n<footer class=\"minerva-footer\" style=\"border-top-style: solid;border-top-width: 1px;border-top-color: #c8ccd1;overflow: auto;padding-bottom: 6px;color: #222222;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px\">\n<div class=\"post-content footer-content\" style=\"margin: 42px 16px 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;overflow: auto;background: none\">\n<div class=\"read-more-container\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 9px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\">\n<aside class=\"ra-read-more noprint\">\n<ul class=\"ext-related-articles-card-list\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 1em;vertical-align: baseline;overflow: hidden;background: none\">\n<li class=\"ext-related-articles-card\" title=\"\u0936\u0928\u093f \u0915\u093e \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\">\n<div class=\"ext-related-articles-card-detail\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/footer>\n<h2 style=\"margin: 42px 0px 9px;padding: 0px 0px 10px;border-width: 0px 0px 1px;border-bottom-style: solid;border-bottom-color: #c8ccd1;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;line-height: inherit;font-size: 1em;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;background: none\" src=\"https:\/\/hi.m.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-hi.png\" alt=\"\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u092a\u0940\u0921\u093f\u092f\u093e\" width=\"78\" height=\"18\" \/><\/h2>\n<footer class=\"minerva-footer\" style=\"border-top-style: solid;border-top-width: 1px;border-top-color: #c8ccd1;overflow: auto;padding-bottom: 6px;color: #222222;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Nimbus Sans L', Arial, 'Liberation Sans', sans-serif;font-weight: normal;line-height: 22.3999996185303px\">\n<div class=\"post-content footer-content\" style=\"margin: 42px 16px 0px;padding: 0px;border: 0px;font-family: inherit;font-style: inherit;font-variant: inherit;font-weight: inherit;line-height: inherit;vertical-align: baseline;overflow: auto;background: none\"><\/div>\n<\/footer>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942 \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0915\u093e \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 For the history of modern humans, see\u00a0\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938. \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092f\u0941\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947, \u092d\u0942\u0917\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0940\u092f \u0918\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u092d\u0942\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u092f. \u00a0 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935 \u0927\u0930\u0924\u0940 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[12,13,4,9,11,3,15,5,14,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1807","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-12","category-13","category-4","category-9","category-religion-news","category-purvanchal-news","category-mumbai-news","category-5","category-14","category-6"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/satgurudarpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1807","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/satgurudarpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/satgurudarpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/satgurudarpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/satgurudarpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1807"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/satgurudarpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1807\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1808,"href":"https:\/\/satgurudarpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1807\/revisions\/1808"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/satgurudarpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1807"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/satgurudarpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1807"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/satgurudarpan.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1807"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}